一、別小看了“鹽害”  

一、do not underestimate the "salt damage"

在大棚栽培中“鹽害”是影響產(chǎn)量的重要因素,因此，解決瓜菜大棚“鹽害”勢(shì)在必行。盲目過(guò)量施肥，單靠投化肥換產(chǎn)量，必然會(huì)造成土壤中鹽分積累迅速增加，勢(shì)必造成肥害(鹽害)的發(fā)生，如何解決并避免盲目施肥所帶來(lái)的危害呢?

Salt damage is an important factor affecting yield in greenhouse culture. therefore, it is imperative to solve the "salt injury" of melons and vegetables in greenhouse. Blind excessive fertilization and relying solely on chemical fertilizer for yield will inevitably lead to a rapid increase of salt accumulation in the soil, which is bound to cause fertilizer damage (salt damage). How to solve and avoid the harm caused by blind fertilization?

首先，調(diào)整棚田農(nóng)家肥、化學(xué)肥料和微生物肥料的施用比例。腐熟的農(nóng)家肥占棚田作物生育期需求量的65%，化學(xué)肥料占生育期需求量的30%，微生物肥料占全生育期的5%。化學(xué)肥料應(yīng)以不同作物的生理需求，減少含氯、含鈉的成分。另外，要正確選擇肥料種類和施肥方法，盡可能施用不帶負(fù)成分的肥料，如尿素、硝酸鉀、磷酸鈣、磷酸二氨等，盡量降低鹽分在土壤中的殘留積累量。

First of all, adjust the application ratio of farm manure, chemical fertilizer and microbial fertilizer in shed field. Mature farm manure accounts for 65% of the crop growth period demand, chemical fertilizer accounts for 30% of the growth period demand, and microbial fertilizer accounts for 5% of the whole growth period. Chemical fertilizers should reduce the contents of chlorine and sodium according to the physiological needs of different crops. In addition, it is necessary to correctly select fertilizer types and fertilization methods, and apply fertilizers without negative components as far as possible, such as urea, potassium nitrate, calcium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and so on, so as to reduce the residual accumulation of salt in soil as far as possible.

其次，增施有機(jī)肥、生物肥。增施有機(jī)肥料，如綠肥、腐熟堆肥、廄肥以改良土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，增進(jìn)土壤肥力。建議在基肥中適當(dāng)?shù)卦黾佑袡C(jī)肥料的施用量。并施用一定量的生物肥，結(jié)合深翻地，可以改良土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，改善土壤通透性，活化土壤，提高地溫，有利于作物根系伸展，增加根系吸收水分和養(yǎng)分的能力，提高自身抗鹽力。

Secondly, increase the application of organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer. Increase the application of organic fertilizers, such as green manure, mature compost and barnyard manure, to improve soil structure and soil fertility. It is suggested that the application amount of organic fertilizer should be increased appropriately in the base fertilizer. The application of a certain amount of biological fertilizer combined with deep ploughing can improve soil structure, improve soil permeability, activate soil and increase soil temperature, which is beneficial to the extension of crop roots, increase the ability of roots to absorb water and nutrients, and improve their salt resistance.

第三、延長(zhǎng)自然降雨淋溶時(shí)間。建議在6月下旬-9月底這段時(shí)間內(nèi)，盡早摘除溫室頂部的薄膜，讓雨季的自然降雨充分淋溶土壤，降低土壤耕層中鹽分的濃度。

Third, prolong the leaching time of natural rainfall. It is suggested that during the period from late June to the end of September, the film at the top of the greenhouse should be removed as soon as possible, so that the natural rainfall in the rainy season can fully leach the soil and reduce the salt concentration in the plough layer of the soil.

第四、以水壓鹽。俗話講，“鹽隨水走”，故此我們可以通過(guò)大水漫灌的措施，以水壓鹽，通過(guò)土壤毛細(xì)管，把耕作層內(nèi)的高濃度鹽離子“帶走”。建議該法能結(jié)合蔬菜拔園后，高溫悶棚一并進(jìn)行，即表層消毒后先打一遍地，而后大灌水，悶棚，應(yīng)在半月以上。

Fourth, press salt with water. As the saying goes, "salt goes with water", so we can "take away" the high concentration of salt ions in the tillage layer by pressing salt with water and through soil capillaries. It is suggested that this method can be combined with vegetable garden and high temperature greenhouse, that is, after surface disinfection, hit the ground first, and then irrigate heavily, stuffy shed, should be more than half a month.

第五、選擇抗鹽蔬菜。生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐表明，不同種類蔬菜的根系對(duì)土壤鹽類濃度的忍耐能力不同，茄子的抗鹽力較強(qiáng)，其次是番茄、辣椒，再次為西葫蘆、黃瓜。

Fifth, choose salt-resistant vegetables. The production practice showed that the root system of different kinds of vegetables had different tolerance to soil salt concentration, and eggplant had strong salt tolerance, followed by tomato, pepper, zucchini and cucumber.

第六、生物除鹽。試驗(yàn)證明，種植蘇丹草能吸取土壤的多余鹽分，是目前解決棚室土壤次生鹽漬較好的方法之一。另外，玉米的除鹽效果也較好。

Sixth, biological desalination. The experiment shows that planting Sudan grass can absorb the excess salt of soil, which is one of the better methods to solve the secondary salinization of soil in greenhouse at present. In addition, the desalination effect of corn is also good.

第七、進(jìn)行抗鹽鍛煉。提高蔬菜耐鹽性。播前種子吸水膨脹后，用0.6％的食鹽水溶液浸種6-12小時(shí)，可明顯提高其耐鹽性。苗其耐壓能力最差，噴50毫克/公斤的赤霉素，可刺激蔬菜生長(zhǎng)，稀釋其體內(nèi)鹽分濃度，增強(qiáng)其耐鹽能力。

Seventh, carry out salt-resistant exercise. Improve the salt tolerance of vegetables. After the seeds were swollen by water absorption before sowing, the salt tolerance of the seeds could be significantly improved by soaking the seeds with 0.6% saline solution for 6-12 hours. The seedling's pressure tolerance is the worst. Spraying 50 mg / kg gibberellin can stimulate the growth of vegetables, dilute the salt concentration in the body and enhance its salt tolerance.

二、別忽視了“藥害”

二、Don't ignore the "drug harm"

植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑所造成的傷害最常見的有秧苗皺縮畸形和葉片呈蕨葉病毒癥狀,在天氣較好的情況下，“藥害”癥狀不易被察覺或癥狀輕微，但是遇到連續(xù)的陰雨天氣后，植株不能進(jìn)行正常的光合作用，根系吸收就會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。因此,此時(shí)植株中毒癥狀就會(huì)凸現(xiàn)。防治措施有以下幾點(diǎn):

The most common injuries caused by plant growth regulators are seedling shrinkage and leaf fern leaf virus symptoms. in good weather, the symptoms of "drug damage" are not easy to detect or mild, but after continuous overcast and rainy weather, plants can not carry out normal photosynthesis, root absorption problems will occur. Therefore, the symptoms of plant poisoning will be prominent at this time. The prevention and control measures are as follows:

首先，做好預(yù)防工作。掌握植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑的正確使用濃度、使用方法、使用部位等。如瓠瓜，使用乙烯利可促進(jìn)主蔓早開雌花，但使用時(shí)必須是4-6片真葉期，提早使用容易發(fā)生藥害。

First of all, do a good job of prevention. Master the correct concentration, method and location of plant growth regulators. Such as bottle gourd, the use of ethephon can promote the main vine to open female flowers early, but the use must be 4-6 true leaf stage, early use is prone to drug damage.

其次，確定適用濃度。如果濃度過(guò)低，不能產(chǎn)生應(yīng)有的效果；濃度過(guò)高，會(huì)破壞植物正常的生理活動(dòng)，甚至傷害植物。植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑的濃度效應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)比一般農(nóng)藥復(fù)雜，不同作物使用同一植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑的濃度就有很大差別，且與作物的長(zhǎng)勢(shì)有關(guān)。

Secondly, determine the applicable concentration. If the concentration is too low, it can not produce the desired effect; if the concentration is too high, it will destroy the normal physiological activities of plants, and even harm plants. The concentration effect of plant growth regulators is much more complex than that of general pesticides. The concentration of the same plant growth regulators used by different crops is very different, and it is related to the growth of crops.

再次，注意氣候條件。溫度過(guò)低，葉面吸收緩慢；溫度過(guò)高，藥液水分容易蒸發(fā)，易造成未被吸收的藥劑沉淀在葉表面，對(duì)組織有害。在干旱氣候條件下施用，藥液濃度應(yīng)降低；在雨水充足的季節(jié)里施用，應(yīng)適當(dāng)加大濃度。

Third, pay attention to the climatic conditions. If the temperature is too low, the foliar absorption is slow; if the temperature is too high, the liquid water is easy to evaporate, which is easy to cause the unabsorbed agents to precipitate on the leaf surface, which is harmful to the tissue. When applied in dry climate, the concentration of the solution should be reduced, and in the sufficient season of Rain Water, the concentration should be increased appropriately.

三、別放過(guò)了“肥害”

三、Don't let go of the "fat harm".

大棚蔬菜“肥害”可大致分為3種，一是施肥量過(guò)大或離植株太近，作物被高濃度肥料燒傷；二是某一營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素施用過(guò)量；導(dǎo)致其他元素缺乏；三是在封閉管理?xiàng)l件下，過(guò)量施用氮肥，施后不覆土或未及時(shí)通風(fēng)，發(fā)生氨氣或亞硝酸氣體的毒害。這三種“肥害”都要防治，應(yīng)以防治氨等有害氣體對(duì)作物的灼傷為重點(diǎn)。

The "fertilizer damage" of vegetables in greenhouse can be roughly divided into three types: first, the amount of fertilizer applied is too large or too close to the plant, and the crop is burned by high concentration fertilizer; second, the excessive application of a certain nutrient element leads to the lack of other elements; and third, under the condition of closed management, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer does not cover the soil or does not ventilate in time, resulting in the toxicity of ammonia or nitrite gas. These three kinds of "fertilizer damage" should be prevented, and emphasis should be placed on the prevention and control of ammonia and other harmful gases on crops.

一是科學(xué)施肥，防止一次施肥量過(guò)大，對(duì)基肥施后覆土或與土壤充分混合；對(duì)追肥要提倡深施覆土，施后及時(shí)灌水，不可將肥料撒在地面就不管了。

First, apply fertilizer scientifically to prevent the amount of fertilizer applied at one time from being too large, cover the soil after applying base fertilizer or fully mix with the soil; for topdressing, we should advocate deep application of covering soil, irrigation in time after application, and do not leave fertilizer on the ground.

二是要平衡施肥，對(duì)鉀肥要適量、分次或分層施用；不要將鋅、鐵等微量元素肥料與磷肥直接摻混，最好與腐熟有機(jī)肥和營(yíng)養(yǎng)套餐肥混合后施用。

Second, balanced fertilization, potassium fertilizer should be applied appropriately, graded or layered; do not directly mix zinc, iron and other trace element fertilizer with phosphate fertilizer, it is best to mix with mature organic fertilizer and nutrition package fertilizer.

三是氮肥適量使用，過(guò)量施用氮肥會(huì)導(dǎo)致氨氣和亞硝酸氣體在土壤中累積，所以對(duì)氮肥要適量施用并與磷、鉀等肥料配合，施后及時(shí)覆土或?qū)⒎柿吓c土壤充分混合，以使氮肥被作物充分吸收利用。

Third, proper use of nitrogen fertilizer, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer will lead to the accumulation of ammonia and nitrous acid in the soil, so nitrogen fertilizer should be properly applied and combined with phosphorus, potassium and other fertilizers, and should be covered or fully mixed with soil after application, so that nitrogen fertilizer can be fully absorbed and utilized by crops.

四是施用有機(jī)肥、緩控釋肥料等養(yǎng)分緩慢釋放的肥料可以減少有害氣體的產(chǎn)生，可抑制亞硝酸氣體，除了合理施用氮肥外，還可以適量使用硝化抑制劑。

Fourth, the application of organic fertilizer, slow-release fertilizer and other slow-release fertilizers can reduce the production of harmful gases and inhibit nitrite gas. In addition to rational application of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrification inhibitors can also be used appropriately.